Wk1 INTL304 Forum Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wk1 INTL304 Forum - Coursework Example Air force pilots, navy captains, and army commanders often use tactical military requirements for intelligence analysis. Strategically, agencies using information from the DOD (Department Of Defense) serve as armed forces elements that dedicate their resources to training experts to build tactical intelligence skills2. The outcome of this strategy is less gritty in contrast to outcomes generated by different sources of tactical military requirements. The strategic analysis of gathered intelligence is less time sensitive than tactical military requirements, which makes their effectiveness witnessed more by DOD agencies than the armed forces. For instance, strategic analysis compelled United States army to â€Å"take its time† while invading Iraq and Afghanistan3. Another example is Syrian president Bassad’s order of chemical assaults was pivotal for the United States in terms of collection planning of tactical military activities in Syria and neighboring countries with American military bases. Although the DOD chiefly uses strategic analysis and tactical military requirements, analysts do not have to be versant with both skills. This is because DOD supports Congressional policymakers like the Joint Chief of Staffs and the Secretary of

Genetically modified organism Essay Example for Free

Genetically modified organism Essay A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism which been using genetic engineering techniques, and Monsanto is a publicly agricultural biotechnology company. Monsanto has a huge influence on GMO products. Unfortunately, Monsanto is not a great company because they produce harmful products and lie to their customers. Absolutely, Monsanto didn’t do the illegal things, but they didn’t obey the ethics. As seen in the video, I would like to discuss Contemporary Consequentialism which depend on justice, Kantian Ethics which as a form of deontological ethics and Social Contract Theory which depend on law to discuss Monsanto’s case. GMO products sounds like good for our health and economy, but some companies like Monsanto don’t do well. Contemporary Consequentialism Contemporary consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories which justice takes an important role. As its name suggests, Consequentialism is the view depend only on consequences. Justice contains distributive justice and retributive justice (Driver P61). Justice concern the distribution of benefits is called distributive justice, such as taxation and health care. Justice concern the distribution of rewards and punishments is called retributive justice, such as good citizen’s awards and prison terms. The theory â€Å"determining whether or not an action is right are the consequences produced by that action† (Driver, 2007, p. 40) did not lead to positive consequences for the Monsanto company. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also lied about their founding in 1992. Since 1992, 37 people died and thousands more were seriously ill after eating one of the GMO foods made by Monsanto. This is not only ethic issue, but also is illegal. Monsanto’s character was selfish and didn’t make the world a better place (Hinman, 2002). Monsanto should be punished by justice. These GMO foods are killing people by the tens of thousands and The FDA doesn’t have any responds. I think FDA is the biggest travesty in the U. S. Theyre turning a blind eye to their patients misery. Kantian Ethics Kantian ethics is a deontological ethical theory which proposed by Immanuel Kant. He said â€Å"A good will is good not because of what it affects or accomplishes, nor because of its fitness to attain some proposed end; it’s good only though it’s willing† (Driver, P80). According to the video we know the world according to Monsanto. It’s a very dangerous phenomenon. They want the public to believe they commit supererogatory acts. We are present several scenarios where Monsanto’s influence on FDA and other regulatory agencies has helped them to continue their un-ethical business practices. Hinman said â€Å"what is fair for one should be fair for all. † Monsanto doesn’t care other things just want to get maximum profit with all the possible methods. This is all about money. More money is selling GMO foods to other countries that are willing to pay large amounts of money. Maybe local and organic foods are healthy but there is no market for them. Monsanto make a decision which is opposite to Kantian ethics. Monsanto needs to know we should to keep promises even when we don’t want to do. As we seen in the videos, we know no matter the starting point is moral or Kantian ethics, Monsanto and its subsidiaries made some wrong decisions. Social Contract Theory Social contract theory is the view that person’s moral. Social contract theory is rightly associated with modern moral and it is also a theory or model. Thomas Hobbs said: â€Å"where there is no common power there is no law, where no law, no Injustice (Driver, P102). † He believed that human beings were motivated by self-interest. This document which Monsanto have claims that it has â€Å"evolved from long-standing commitments to safety, environmental protection, customer service, first-class research, and product stewardship† (Robin, 2008). Monsantos document is total lie. Farmers also need to sign an agreement when they want to grow the GMO food from Monsanto. Monsanto does believe that they are ethically right in suing a small farmer in order to preserve the balance of the farming community as a whole. Monsanto is using everyone to monopolize food and in the end with the ultimate power over everyone. I think I don’t any great idea to solve this big problem. According to the video, I think just hope Monsanto doesn’t decide to grow marijuana. They can’t mass produce organic foods any better than they can keep Wall Street on track. We know the products which Monsanto produced should not exist. These products can’t help us to make a better world. According to this theory we know first we must be guarantees that people will not harm each other, and people must be able to rely on the other to keep their agreements. Absolutely, Monsanto doesn’t obey the theory. Conclusion Through the discussion about Contemporary Consequentialism, Kantian Ethics and Social Contract Theory, We know Monsanto didn’t make a good decision between money and moral, and the FDA also help Monsanto to lie to their people. These harmful products and illegal documents must be stopped by government. Sometimes we can find the problems, but they are difficult to solve. GMO products are an awesome invention, and I think it can change our life. People are wrong, Monsanto is wrong. Monsanto cannot find an equilibrium point between ethics and business, or we can say money and moral. Many people and company were destroyed by the profit. We need to find a great equilibrium point and it will help us to work better and will not lose ourselves. Reference Hinman, L Ph. D. (2002) Basic moral orientations overview. Power Point, Univerity of San Diego, San Diego, CA Driver, J. (2007). God and Human Nature. Ethics: The Fundamentals (pp. 22-39). Malden, MA: Blackwell. Weston, A. (2007). Creative problem-solving in ethics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. http://www. iep. utm. edu/soc-cont/.

DNA Fingerprinting for Identification of Plant Species

DNA Fingerprinting for Identification of Plant Species ABSTRACT Conservation of plant resources prevents the loss of valuable plant species in the past centuries. Many species like that of wild Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius , Japonica are endangered and requires restoration. Its adverse impact on environmental and socioeconomic values has triggered the studies on plant diversity. It is seen that appropriate identification and characterization of plant materials is essential for the conservation of plant resources and to ensure their sustainable use. Molecular tools developed in the past few years provide easy, less laborious means for assigning known and unknown plant taxa. These techniques answer many new evolutionary and taxonomic questions, which were not previously possible with only phenotypic methods. Various techniques such as DNA bar coding, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), microsatellites, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have recently been used for plant diversity studi es. Sequencing based molecular techniques provide better resolution at intra-genus. Whereas data from markers such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellites provide the means to classify individual medicine. In addition DNA methods are reliable approaches towards authentication of Chinese medicinal materials. For future reference, it is necessary to compile library of Chinese medicines which include genetic information, especially for endangered species and those with high market value and or with possible poisonous adulterants which can affect quality of medicine. INTRODUCTION For the sustainable development and for improvement and maintenance of agricultural and forestry production there is a use for conservation of plant genetic resources. The objective of plant genetic resources conservation is to preserve as broad a sample of the extant genetic diversity of target species as is scientifically and economically feasible, including currently recognized genes, traits and genotypes [1]. Genetic diversity finds its natural resources in wild species for which it is important to find out the amount of genetic variability by the way of morphological, biochemical and molecular markers, besides some interesting physiological turns. Characterization of diversity is based on morphological traits. However, it is seen that morphological variability is often restricted, characters may not be obvious at all stages of the plant development. Identification plays a very important role in diversity studies. Accurate classification of individuals is essential for evaluation of species diversity. The identification of taxonomic units and endangered species, whose genetic constitution is distinct from their more abundant relatives, is important in the development of appropriate conservation strategies Nowadays, a variety of different genetic markers has been proposed to assess genetic variability. Molecular tools provide valuable data on diversity through their ability to detect variation at the DNA level CONSERVATION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES: Effective conservation of plant genetic resources requires a complementary approach which makes use of both ex situ and in situ conservation methods to maximize the genetic diversity available for use. ex situ conservation: The objective of ex situ conservation is to maintain the accessions without change in their genetic constitution [1]. The methods that are designed are such that can be used to minimize the possibility of mutation, random genetic drift, selection or contamination. It is seen that storing of seeds at low temperatures and humidities can bring long term ex situ conservation. But there are many clonally propagated species, such as banana and potato, cannot be conserved in this way, and many species, particularly tropical forest tree species, produce seeds that are recalcitrant and cannot be stored. These species can only be maintained ex situ in field gene banks as growing collections of plants, or in vitro using tissue culture or cryopreservation [2]. In situ conservation: In situ conservation is considered to be the method of choice for conserving forest species and wild crop relatives and there is increasing interest in the use of in situ conservation for crops themselves (on-farm conservation) [3]. In situ conservation allows evolution to continue, increases the amount of diversity that can be conserved, and strengthens links between conservation workers and the communities who have traditionally maintained and used the resources. All genetic resources conservation activities require characterization of the diversity present in both the gene pools and the gene banks. Molecular genetics has an important role to play in many aspects of conservation such as characterizing plant genetic diversity for purposes of improved acquisition, maintenance and use. A number of different techniques are available for identifying genetic differences between organisms. The choice of technique for any one specific use will depend upon the material being studied and the nature of the questions being addressed. Protein polymorphisms were the first markers used for genetic studies. However, the number of polymorphic loci that can be assayed, and the level of polymorphisms observed at the loci are often low, which greatly limits their application in genetic diversity studies. With the development of new technologies, DNA polymorphisms have become the markers of choice for molecularâ‚ ¬Ã‚ based surveys of genetic variation. DNA ma rkers are useful in both basic (e.g. phylogenetic analysis and search for useful genes) and applied research (e.g. marker assisted selection, paternity testing and food traceability). A number of markers are now available to detect polymorphisms in nuclear DNA [4]. Properties desirable for ideal DNA markers include highly polymorphic nature, co dominant, frequent occurrence in the genome, selective neutral behavior, easy access, easy and fast assay and high reproducibility [5]. NEED FOR GENETIC RESOLUION: It is a duty of Gene bank managers and conservationists concerned with both in situ and ex situ management to conserve as much as possible the extinct genetic diversity of the species with which they work. The effectiveness with which they do this depends to a large extent on the genetic information available on the germplasm with which they work. Molecular markers provide genetic information of direct value in key areas of conservation both ex situ and in situ. For ex situ conservation the key issues are: Acquisition: Data on the diversity of existing collections can be used to plan collection and exchange strategies. In particular, calculations of genetic distances based on molecular data can be used to identify particular divergent subpopulations that might harbour valuable genetic variation that is under-represented in current holdings Maintenance: Genetic data are essential to identify duplicate accessions in order to ensure best use of available resources. Genetic markers are also needed to monitor changes in genetic structure as accessions are generated. Molecular markers provide markers suitable for both of these. Characterization: The genetic diversity within collections must be assessed in the context of the total available genetic diversity for each species. Existing passport data document the geographic location where each accession was acquired. However, passport records are often missing or incorrect. Molecular markers may extend and complement characterization based on morphological or biochemical descriptions, providing more accurate and detailed information than classical phenotypic data. Distribution to users: Users of collections benefit from genetic information that allows them to identify valuable traits and types quickly. On a more fundamental level, molecular marker information may lead to the further identification of useful genes contained in collections. Molecular data on diversity may provide essential information to develop core collections [6] that accurately represent the entire collection. Molecular markers may therefore be used in four types of measurements needed for effective ex situ conservation, all of which are useful in resolving the numerous operational, logistical, and biological questions that face gene banks managers [7]. These are: identity: the determination of whether an accession or individual is catalogued correctly, is true to type, maintained properly, and whether genetic change or erosion has occurred in an accession or population over time; Similarity: the degree of similarity among individuals in an accession or between accessions within a collection. Structure: the partitioning of variation among individuals, accessions, populations, and species. Genetic structure is influenced by in situ demographic factors such as population size, reproductive biology and migration. Detection: the presence of particular allele or nucleotide sequence in a taxon, gene bank accession, in situ population, individual, chromosome or cloned DNA segment. Those concerned with in situ conservation need to ensure that appropriate populations are identified and managed in such a way that they survive and continue to evolve. Their responsibilities can include: Location: the identification of populations which should be conserved based on the genetic diversity present as well as on the value of the resource and the threats to it. Crucial to this is knowledge of the extent and distribution of genetic diversity in species populations which should optimally include molecular data. Management: the development of management plans to monitor the changes in target populations over time and ensure their continued survival. The populations maintained in situ constitute part of ecosystems and both intra- and interspecific diversity must be maintained over time at appropriate levels. Accessibility: in situ conservation is most commonly of interest in forest genetic resources conservation and that of wild crop relatives but it is also of increasing interest for on-farm conservation of traditional cultivars. Genetic resources conserved in this way remain accessible to the communities who depend on them. Managers need to ensure they are also accessible to other users and that sufficient genetic information is available to assist such users. Within the context of in situ conservation, therefore, identity, similarity, structure and detection are also important and can be usefully investigated using molecular techniques BASIC GENETIC TOOLS DNA sequencing: DNA sequencing is the determination of the precise sequence of nucleotides in a sample of DNA. The nucleotides bases are A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine) and T (thymine) The conventional and next generation sequencing techniques are thus been explained in detail. Conventional Sequencing Technique- Now days it is seen that dye-terminator sequencing technique is the standard method in automated sequencing analysis [8]. And for majority of sequencing the dye-terminator sequencing method, along with automated high-throughput DNA sequence analyzers, is used. Dye-terminator sequencing  utilizes labelling of the chain terminator dents, which permits sequencing in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method. In dye-terminator sequencing, each of the four di de-oxynucleotide chain terminators is labelled with fluorescent dyes, each of which emit light at different wavelengths. Owing to its greater expediency and speed, dye-terminator sequencing is now the mainstay in automated sequencing. The main advantages of this technique are its robustness, automation and high accuracy Its limitations include dye effects due to differences in the incorporation of the dye-labelled chain terminators into the DNA fragment, resulting in unequal peak heights and shapes in the electronic DNA sequence trace  chromatogram  after  capillary electrophoresis  . This problem has been addressed with the use of modified DNA polymerase enzyme systems and dyes that minimize incorporation variability, as well as methods for e liminating dye blobs. DNA barcoding of plants has now gained the interest of scientists with the aim to identify an unknown plant in terms of a known classification. DNA barcoding is a technique for characterizing species of organisms using a short DNA sequence from a standard. DNA barcode sequences are thus shorter than the entire genome and can be obtained quickly [9]. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used for species-level assignment of plants and individual barcodes were obtained with matK (99%), followed by trnH-psbA (95%) and then rbcL (75%) [10]. Recently, a group of plant DNA barcode researchers proposed two chloroplast genes, rbcL and matK, taken together, as appropriate for bar-coding of plants [11]. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is the basis of Molecular phylogenies in plants but the problems due to gene flow of cpDNA among closely related taxa, as well as the lack of phylogenetic resolution, triggered the development of new approaches based on nuclear DNA [13]. The most common alternative corresponds to the sequencing of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) of 18S-25S nuclear ribosomal DNA [14, 15]. The failure of both cpDNA and ITS techniques to sequence, the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) approach has the potential to solve such difficulties, particularly among closely related species, or at the intra-specific level [16-18]. Therefore, integration of recently developed bar-coding with the following techniques such as RAPD, AFLP, microsatellite and SNP seems to provide better resolution. Next Generation Sequencing Techniques Next generation platforms do not rely on Sanger chemistry [19] as did the first generation machines used for the last 30 years. The first of this kind of 2nd generation of sequencing technique appeared in 2005 that was based on pyrosequencing [20, 21] Commercial 2nd generation sequencing methods can be distinguished by the role of PCR in library preparation. There are four main platforms; all being amplification-based: (i) Roche 454 GS FLX, (ii) Illumina Genome Analyzer IIx, (iii) ABI SOLiD 3 Plus System and (iv) Polonator G.007 [22] The single-molecule sequencing method (also known as 3rd generation or next-next generation) is independent of PCR [25,30]. This mode of sequencing protocol was recently developed by Helicos Genetic Analysis System using the technology developed by Braslavsky et al. [23]. Other 3rd generation sequencing systems are being developed by Life Technologies and Pacific Biosciences SMRT technology and may appear within one to two years. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) The invention of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a milestone in the development of molecular techniques. PCR results in the selective amplification of a chosen region of a DNA molecule. Random amplification of DNA with short primer by PCR is a useful technique in phylogenetics. The important point is the banding pattern seen, when the products of PCR with random primers are electrophoresed in a reflection of the overall structure of the DNA molecule used as the template. If the starting material is total cell DNA then the banding pattern represents the organization of the cells genome. Differences between the genomes of two organisms can be measured with RAPD. Two closely related organisms would be expected to yield more similar banding patterns than two organisms that are distant in evolutionary terms [24]. Moreover, this technique requires only small piece of animal tissue or blood, as the extracted DNA can be amplified million times using PCR. Basic protocol: EXTRACTION OF HIGHLY PURE DNA ADDITION OF SINGLE ARBITARY PRIMER POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) SEPARATION OF FRAGMENTS BY GEL ELECTROPHORESIS VISUALIZATION OF RAPD-PCR FRAGMENTS AFTER EtBr STAINING UNDER UV DETERMINATION OF FRAGMENT SIZE This technique has mainly gained attraction as there is no requirement for DNA probes or sequence information for primer designing. There are also no blotting or hybridizing steps. This technique only requires the purchase of a thermo cycling machine and agarose gel apparatus and relevant chemicals, which are available as commercial kits and also it is a quick and simple technique. It is important to note that RAPD technique requires maintaining strictly consistent reaction conditions in order to achieve reproducible profiles [25]. The RAPD markers have been used for detecting genomic variations within and between varieties of sweet potato. A total of 160 primers were tested and eight showed consistent amplified band patterns among the plants with variations within and between varieties [26] of sweet potato. Restriction fragment length polymorphism All organisms are genotypically different because they have had numerous differences in their genomic DNA. This difference results in a restriction fragment length polymorphism. Here the chromosomal DNA is first cleaved by restriction enzymes creating fragments and then these fragments are separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. After it southern hybridization analysis is carried out using probe that spans the region of interest. The probe hybridizes to the relevant region, lighting up the appropriate restriction fragments on the resulting autoradiograph. If an RFLP is present then it will be clearly visible on the autoradiograph. Thus RFLP is used as a major tool to identify the genetic diversity within and between species [27]. Basic Protocol CHROMOSOMAL DNA Cleave with Restriction enzymes DNA FRAGMENTS SEPARATE FRAGMENTS BY AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS DENATURE DNA AND TRANSFER TO NITROCELLULOSE Radiolabelled DNAprobe INCUBATE WITH PROBE EXPOSE X-RAY FILM TO PAPER Amplified fragment length polymorphism AFLP analysis is able to detect high levels of polymorphism and has high repeatability and speed of analysis. AFLP technique as being based on the detection of restriction fragments by PCR amplification and argued that Ê ¹the reliability of the RFLP technique is combined with the power of the PCR techniqueÊ ¹. Firstly extraction of highly purified DNA then restriction endonuclease digestion of DNA followed by ligation of adapters. After this amplification of these fragments is done by two primers, and then gel electrophoresis and analysis of fragments by automated sequencing machines. The advantage of this technique is that it is applicable to all species and unlike RAPD; this technique is highly reproducible as it combines restriction digestion and PCR. However, AFLP requires more DNA (300-1000 ng per reaction) and is more technically demanding than RAPD [4].AFLP markers in surveys of plant diversity are discussed in a review published by Mba and Tohme [28]. Recently, Jatropha curcas [29] and Rhodiola rosea [30] have been characterized by AFLP in germplasm collection. The wild populations of Agave angustifolia in the desert was studied by Teyer et al. [31] using AFLP to measure the genetic variability within and between natural populations. AFLP markers have been extensively used for phylogenetic analysis and determining the genetic diversity for conservation of endangered plant species [32-36]. ISOLATION OF GENOMIC DNA Basic protocol: DIGESTION WITH ONE OR MORE RESTRICTION ENZYMES LIGATION OF RESTRICTION HALF-SITE SPECIFIC ADAPTORS TO ALL RESTRICTION FRAGMENTS AMPLIFICATION OF THESE FRAGMENTS WITH TWO PCR PRIMERS THAT HAVE CORRESPONDING ADAPTORS AND RESTRICTION SPECIFIC SEQUENCES ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF AMPLICONS ON A GEL MATRIX MICROSATELLITES Microsatellites, are alternatively known as simple sequence repeats (SSRs), short tandem repeats (STRs) or simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs). These are tandem repeats of sequence units generally less than 5 bp in length [37].One common example of a microsatellite is a (CA)n repeat, where n is variable between alleles. These markers often present high levels of interâ‚ ¬Ã‚  and intraâ‚ ¬Ã‚ specific polymorphism, particularly when tandem repeats number ten or greater. CA nucleotide repeats are very frequent in human and other genomes, and present every few thousand base pairs. Interâ‚ ¬Ã‚ SSRs are a variant of the RAPD technique, although the higher annealing temperatures probably mean that they are more rigorous than RAPDs. The microsatellite protocol is simple, once primers for SSRs have been designed. The first stage is a PCR, depending upon the method of detection one of the primers is fluorescently or radioactively labeled. The PCR products are separated on high resolution polyacrylamide gels, and the products detected with a fluorescence detector (e.g. automated sequencer) or an Xâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ray film. The investigator can determine the size of the PCR product and thus how many times the short nucleotide was repeated for each allele. Microsatellites developed for particular species can often be applied to closely related species, but the percentage of loci that successfully amplify may decrease with increasing genetic distance [38]. Microsatellite technique has recently been used to establish conservation strategy of endangered plants like Calystegia soldanella [39], Tricyrtis ishiiana [40] and Galium catalinense subspecies acrispum [41]. ISOLATION OF GENOMIC DNA Basic protocol: SEQUENCING DESIGNING OF PRIMERS FOR REGIONS FLANKING MICROSATELLITES ELECTROPHORETIC SEPRATION OF AMPLICONS ONA GEL MATRIX ISOLATION OF GENOMIC DNA Conclusion Molecular characterization can play a role in uncovering the history, and estimating the diversity, distinctiveness and population structure. Awareness of the level of genetic diversity and the proper management of genetic resources are important issues in modern scenario. New markers deriving from DNA technologies are valuable tools to study genetic variability for conservation purposes. In the near future, the advent of genomics will give an impressive tool for genetic resources evaluation.

Animal Testing is Unnecessary and Cruel Essay -- Animal Testing, Anima

Carrots the rabbit has been under experimentations for almost all of his life. He has to suffer so someone can wash his or her hair. The makers of Dove shampoo are probably going to shove shampoo down his throat his reaction to it. Even if the rabbit lives through the experiment, there still going to kill him to see what happened to his organs. If this were a human being experimented on, people would be mesmerized. Scientist are debating whether shoving shampoo down a rabbits throat is effective. Testing on animals is a highly disagreeable process that should not be allowed. An animal is a living thing and so is a human. They eat, sleep, and live their life. Animals have rights. Why is it allowed that animals have to suffer so a human can use Windex? It has been proven that animals are s...

Density Dependence And Its Effects In Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay

Describe the difference between the footings critical figure and transporting capacity for an ecosystem. Elaborate on the construct of denseness dependance. How does the denseness dependance affect the critical figure and carry capacity in an ecosystem? Critical figure refers to the smallest possible figure of beings required in a given species that is indispensable to prolong the population in a executable province so that it can stay in being. A lessening in this minimal population base will hold negative impacts on the staying lasting members which may take to their eventual extinction.Transporting capacity refers to the largest possible figure of persons of a species that an environment can prolong for an indefinite period of clip, without considerable negative effects on the given being and its environment. In other words, it is the sum of resources that is available in the environment that can be maximally exploited by the organisms nowadays at that place, that will lend to the beings ‘ well-being, without inauspicious effects on the ecosystem. An addition in the carrying capacity will usually take to a lessening in the ecosystem ‘s ability to back up life in the long tally, which will take to population lessening, and frailty versa.Population denseness is the figure of persons per unit country in an environment ; the population denseness determines the possible effects of certain environmental factors on continued population growing. These factors are separated into two types, viz. : Density dependent – literally means dependent on denseness, this phrase refers to the addition or lessening in the strength of the effects of environmental factors on a population in proportion to the denseness of the population. ( more beings means more competition and less nutrient available for the remainder and frailty versa ) Density independent – literally means independent of denseness ; this phrase means that the effects of some environmental factors do non depend on the denseness of the population. ( sudden unbearable environment alteration, all organisms dies irrespective of population size ) Population normally remains within a certain scope when environmental factors are density dependant. As population denseness additions, environmental opposition intensifies, and finally causes an addition in mortality that leads to a lessening in population. As population denseness decreases, environmental opposition diminishes, leting the population to retrieve. In the terminal, it is alterations in the environmental opposition ( Carrying capacity ) that allow populations to increase or diminish, and this can change annually due to environmental conditions. If population exceeds the transporting capacity, so the population experiences a J-curve clang. If the population is depleted below the critical figure, the lasting members become more vulnerable and extinction may be ineluctable. However, in density-independent instances where a peculiar modification factor moves outside an being ‘s scope of tolerance ( such as a fire or deep freezing ) , the being dies irrespective of population size, critical figure or the transporting capacity of the ecosystem. Q2. Define Biological Wealth we ‘ve discussed in category. How do the two sorts of value affect the biological wealth? Please supply some illustrations of our day-to-day life for each sort of the value and explicate how we evaluate those values Biological wealth is represented by the biodiversity ( described by life scientist as â€Å" entirety of cistrons, species, and ecosystems of a part † ) found on Earth. It is by and large used to mention to the natural biological wealth that supports human life and wellbeing. Biological wealth is viewed based on 2 sorts of value: 1. Instrumental Value – defined as the value something has because it may turn out utile in obtaining other things of value Biological wealth has instrumental value because it can be used to profit human existences. Many of these items-food, shelter, medical specialty, transit, and clothing-are themselves extremely prized for their part to human wellness and wellbeing. Examples of Instrumental values include:I. Beginning of nutrient, stuffs, agribusiness and developmentMany people around the universe depend on these biological beginnings for their nutrient, shelter, and vesture. Materials such as wood, gum elastic, fibres and oil can be obtained straight form biological beginnings. To feed and house a turning human population, more land is being transformed from wilderness into agricultural, excavation, lumbering, and urban countries for worlds. two. Beginning of Medicine A important sum of modern and traditional medicative merchandises are derived, straight or indirectly, from biological resources. three. Global Health Benefits Natural ecosystem services that reduces pollution, purifies H2O, prevents eroding, regulates clime and C sinks.four. BusinessBusiness Development – the foundation of some concerns are based on providing goods and services ( lumber, paper, nutrient and medical specialty ) obtained from the environment.v. LeisureLeisure – include activities like boosting, bird-watching and picture taking in biologically rich topographic points. 2. Intrinsic Value – value for its ain interest Non-material benefits that can be attained from the environment include aesthetic, cultural, spiritual and religious values, cognition and instruction. Philosophically, it could be said that biological wealth has built-in values for human existences. However, intrinsic value can be subjective and it is hard to delegate basic value to such state of affairss. The thought is that our judgements of intrinsic value are tied to existent state of affairss. The hedonic definition seems to be appropriate in this respect, for illustration, hedonism provinces that pleasance is the lone thing with positive intrinsic value and trouble the lone thing with negative intrinsic value. So working from here, pleasance is derived by the people when sing the aesthetically-pleasing signifiers present in a natural environment, religious values such as peace and enlightenment can be achieved through religious connexion on sacred sites, some faiths give Godhead acknowledgment to selected species ( cattles are considered holy in India ) , culturally, certain animate beings are revered as spirit ushers by the Native Americans and knowledge can be gained through observation and survey of the interactions within the system. Effectss However, irrespective of the abovementioned values assigned to biological wealth, the available biological resources are still being progressively exploited with small respect of their impact on the environment ( ensuing in degraded ecosystems and increased biodiversity loss, species loss being accelerated by human activity ) , the focal point being on short-run additions and non the long-run effects, therefore ensuing in a go oning loss of biological wealth. This tendency can non go on as the well-being of future coevalss depends on the preservation and careful direction of our biological wealth so as to protect and heighten their biodiversity.Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, SingaporeThe Wetlands Waltz I want to waltz in the wetlands, The swamps, the fens and the bogs, ( oh, the bogs ) . Yes, I want to waltz in the wetlands, With the birds, and the fish and the toads. I want to waltz in the wetlands, a topographic point where nature gets by, And IaˆÂ ¦ will cryaˆÂ ¦ will shout when the wetlands are dry. Yes IaˆÂ ¦ will cryaˆÂ ¦ will shout when the wetlands are dry. by The Ecotones Songs from the Water World Introduction Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve is located in the Northwest of the chief island of Singapore. The name is of Malay beginning, with Sungei intending â€Å" River † and Buloh intending â€Å" Bamboo † . Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve is a Rhizophora mangle swamp. The distinguishing characteristic of a Rhizophora mangle swamp is that it is dominated by low trees or tall bushs, normally over 30 % screen, turning on clay flats in tropical coastal countries where the tidal scope is little. The roots of the Rhizophora mangle workss extend out into the clay flats, and trap silt which accumulates to organize the swamp. These swamps support a broad assortment of works species and offer protection for several animate beings.A wetland is defined as a land where the H2O tabular array is at, near or above the surface or which is saturated for a long adequate period to advance such characteristics as wet-altered dirts and H2O tolerant flora. ( Federal Policy on Wetland Conservation, 1996 ) . â€Å" The H2O may be fresh or saline, acidic or basic, depending on the beginning † ( Carter, 1997 )Wetlands play an indispensable ecological function and have resources of economic, cultural and scien tific value, but they are normally drained to make room for agricultural nutrient production or alternate land usage. Wetlands carry out a scope of ecosystem maps ; they include flood control, stabilisation of dirt and storage of C. Wetlands besides produces nutrient, fuel, wood, medical specialty and edifice stuff.Wetlands are one of the most biodiverse of all the ecosystems. Their biodiversity includes different species of works life, fish, reptilians, amphibious vehicles, mammals and avifauna of occupant and migratory birds. Wetlands are beautiful ; excessively small of this sort of natural Eden exist and they can be a tourer attractive force and recreational sites for bird-watching and picture taking. Wetlands are a recharge part for H2O ; Wetlands shop extra H2O or rainfall for release through recharge of rivers and groundwater aquifers at times when there is a drouth. â€Å" The recharging of aquifers, raises the H2O tabular array doing groundwater easy accessible † ( Kenya state paper, 1998 ) . Without the wetlands, the country would lose some of its finest trees, and non merely those that grow within it. The H2O table extends everyplace, and the roots of the workss grow towards it – but the wetlands keep the degree accessible. Wetlands besides act as a H2O purification system, filtrating out the surface run-off deposits, organic affair and foods.Components of WetlandsA wetland possess three types of status, the country should hold a typical wetland hydrology, flora, and dirts. Hydrology An equal and uninterrupted supply of H2O is indispensable for wetlands to be. The H2O beginnings for wetlands include atmospheric H2O, precipitation, ground-water flow and surface-water flow. The land is characterized with wetland hydrology if the country is either for good or sporadically inundated, or there is a recurrent, sustained impregnation of the upper portion of the substrate to make an anaerobiotic environment. This continuance and frequence of impregnation must at lower limit, be able to keep the flora or other beings of wetlands, such as characteristic physical and chemical characteristics of wetland substrate. â€Å" Field indexs of wetland hydrology include: ocular observation of flood, H2O borne debris deposition peculiarly in above land flora, H2O borne sediment sedimentation on workss and other perpendicular objects, drainage forms within wetlands including scouring, and H2O stained ( blackened or grey ) † ( ITRC, 2005 ) . Hydric Soils Hydric dirts are dirts that are sporadically or for good saturated with H2O. The boggy dirt is normally lacking in O. These dirts are wet, dark-coloured, is high in alimentary content and in organic stuff. Field indexs of hydric dirts include histosols, which are organic dirts or any deepness of organic stuff on bedrock ; sulfidic stuff ( H2S ) in mineral dirts breathing the odor of the icky egg ; and cut downing dirt conditions as indicated by gleyed dirt. ( ITRC, 2005 ) . Geomorphology Most wetlands originate in topographic depressions, lands with a lower lift than the environing countries, these include wetland basins, lakes, pools and river vales. These depressions may be created by a series of natural happenings such as glacier motion, air current, H2O moving ridges, or tidal action ; or by procedures linked to tectonics, remission, or prostration. Sometimes wetlands can organize on a incline, this occurs in topographic points where the H2O tabular array intersects the land surface in countries where the land is inclining. â€Å" Standing H2O in wetlands is either the consequence of surface implosion therapy or rock outcrop of the H2O tabular array, which is the top of the saturated zone where pore force per unit area peers atmospheric force per unit area † ( Freeze and Cherry, 1979 ) . Hydrophytic Vegetation The prevailing flora consists of aquatic plants or H2O adapted works species and is classified into â€Å" obligate † or â€Å" facultative † groups. These works species are specifically adapted to turn in moisture, anaerobiotic dirt conditions. Obligate wetland workss ( OBL ) have roots that are good adapted to H2O and saturated dirts, they are found merely in wetlands ( more than 99 % of the clip ) . Facultative wetland workss can digest standing H2O or saturated dirts and occur in wetlands 67-99 % of the clip. The recognized criterion for judging an country to be a wetland requires that the prevailing flora are made up of more than 50 % of Obligate Wetland Plants ( OBL ) , Facultative Wetland Plants ( FACW ) , Facultative Plants ( FAC ) , and Facultative Upland Species ( FACU ) .Supply your observation/guess on how this ecosystem evolves to its current position.Since Sungei Buloh Wetland is by definition a coastal, seawater, mangrove swamp located in Asia. It is poss ible to presume that in the yesteryear, it was likely to be a au naturel country where salt H2O meets land, and are flooded by day-to-day tides. The H2O in the country is likely slow-moving and slightly sheltered, which allows deposition of deposit and organic stuff to take topographic point, every bit good as workss to take root.Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve is to day of the month bordered by Rhizophora mangle woods. Mangroves are normally the first species to turn on tropical shores as they can propagate successfully in a marine environment because of particular versions. This mangrove species may hold originated in the Indo-Malayan Region, sing the fact that there are more mangrove species present in this part than anyplace else in the universe. It was found that mangroves colonized this country around 6820 BP, as sea degree rose following the last glacial upper limit and a variable thickness of Holocene littorals, claies and peats were deposited over the land surface ( Bird et al , 2004 ) . A bare coastline is an inhospitable environment ; mangrove workss are the primary replacements in this instance because of their ability to last in seawater enables them to colonise coastal countries where no other assortments of tree can last. Mangrove workss bit by bit restore the dirt by perforating and air outing it. They start with seting down shoots into the substrate, which trap and clasp deposits in topographic point which prevents clouding and silting of Waterss every bit good as accumulate a bed of dirt. Their roots map as an ground tackle, and since they grow in dirt with low O, are adapted with aerial roots, which allow them to absorb atmospheric O. As they grow, they produce new rootlets at in turn higher degrees above the high tide degree ( Collins 1990 ) . As dirt quality improves, a gradual consecutive community of workss that were ab initio less tolerant of the original environment will get down turning in the country, finally making a flood tide wetland forest ecosy stem. Ocean tides, freshwater overflow and inland rivers provide foods such as nitrates, nitrites and minerals to nurture the flora of this wetland. In add-on, the Rhizophora mangle wood acts as a vegetive buffer zone against eroding along coastline and promotes deposition of deposit and alluvial stuffs. Coastal wetland swamps are extremely productive and supports a big figure of beings. Mangrove leaves serve as the foundation of the nutrient web and provides nutrient for direct feeders such as pediculosis pubiss and fish. Their decaying leaves initiate the debris nutrient web. The interweaving roots of Rhizophora mangle workss act as aquatic baby's rooms for the immature of fish and shellfish every bit good as nutrient and protection against larger marauders. A figure of animate beings besides use this ecosystem as a home ground, shacking in the canopy, roots, clay or H2O. A big assortment of bird species, which includes migratory birds besides feed on the rich zoology of pelecypods, pedi culosis pubiss, worms and mollusk. Sing that abovementioned province is still observed in Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, it is extremely likely that a flood tide ecosystem has been reached and there is a dynamic balance between all of the species and the physical environment.What is human ‘s function in the ecosystem succession/evolution procedure and what are the responses from the ecosystem to the perturbation?Back in 1820, mangrove forest originally covered an estimated 13 % ( 7,800 hour angle ) of Singapore ( Corlett, 1987a & A ; 1987b ) . Today, less than 5 % remains. Bird et Al. ( 2004 ) found that the Rhizophora mangle from Sungei Buluh wetland modesty to Kranji Dam, a mere 87 hour angle, represented the largest integral Rhizophora mangle forest left on mainland Singapore. Harmonizing to the Straits Settlement Government Gazette Reports of the Botanic Gardens, 1890, the Sungei Buloh country was a forest modesty from 17th April, 1890, but ceased to be a forest modesty on 4th April, 1938, ( Straits Settlement Government Gazette, 1938 ) . During this clip period, due to a lifting rural population, shrimp agriculture became the pillar of those settling the seashore, and development of nutrient, fuel, poles and wood were allowed in the modesty. From 1946 to 2001, aerial exposure used to analyse Rhizophora mangle alterations brought about the decision that development generated important alterations in the distribution of Rhizophora mangles. In 1946, the Sungei Buloh mangrove forest was reduced to 117.3 hour angle. However, following this period of clip, the Rhizophora mangle was able to actively colonise the coastal mudflats, adding 6.24 hour angle of Rhizophora mangle screen until 1980. Unfortunately in 1980, 50 % of the entire country covered by Rhizophora mangles was cleared for aquaculture. The resulting building of Kranji Dam in 1980 brought about a subsequent lessening in sediment supply, which initiated eroding along the shoreline. Consequently, the vegetive boundary has receded by up to 50 metres in 2001. In 1986, a group of devouring birdwatchers from the Singapore Branch of the Malayan Nature Society noted the surprisingly big assortment of bird species including migratory birds in the wetlands. Acknowledging the ecological value of this country, they wrote a proposal to the authorities inquiring for its saving. This suggestion was taken up by the authorities and finally, 87 hour angle of wetlands was given the position of nature park in 1989. Subsequently, the country was carefully developed to let visitant handiness and was officially opened on 6 Dec 1993 by so Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. The Rhizophora mangle wood is now renewing under the protection provided by the Nature Reserve.How/what can we make to do this ecosystem sustainable?In order to keep the wetland ‘s biological diverseness and productiveness and to let wise usage of their resources by human existences, preservation and sustainable usage of this wetland and its resources is of import. Sustainable usage is ba sed on cognition of environmental, socio-economic and policy factors. From this, some guidelines can be developed for sustainable wetland direction.Sustainable Wetland Management – some factors to seeFrom hypertext transfer protocol: //wetlands.hud.ac.uk/sustainability.htmThey include: 1. Creation of public consciousness on the importance of wetlands for the environment. Educate the populace on the function of wetlands in deposit and eroding control ; saving of H2O quality, cut downing pollution ; care of surface and land H2O supply and part to climatic stableness. 2. Promote understanding and acknowledgment of the maps and values of wetland home grounds. This includes their esthetic, cultural, spiritual, societal, economic, educational and recreational value. 3. Conservation of bing wetlands and their biodiversity This includes Restoration and recovery of altered wetlands and alternate wetland direction determinations that includes: non-intervention ( but includes monitoring ) ; limited intercession ; active direction. 4. Research on wetland Proper surveies should be carried out on the values, maps and use of each type of wetland, every bit good as its ecological position and agricultural potency that can be exploited without impairing its maps and transporting capacity. 5. Survey of developments that are likely to hold an impact on wetlands. This is to forestall the continued debasement, transition and disregard of wetlands. 6. Sustainable direction of wetlands Through the development and exchange of cognition about sustainable utilizations. 7. Formulation of policy on wetlands Consultations can be carried out among authorities, academic establishment, and community-based organisations to make policies and statute law, which includes impact appraisal and rating to modulate wetland usage. 8. Factors impacting the achievement of long-run direction aims With the designation of the long term intent, all important factors which may impact or impede their accomplishment should be identified. This include natural factors such as natural sequence in flora, precipitation induced fluctuation in H2O degree and clime alteration ; and human-induced factors such as perturbation, pollution and development.

s Love Got To Do With It

What’s Love Got To Do With It? â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog† is Joyce Carol Oates’ updated version of Anton Chekov’s â€Å"The Lady with the Dog†. Oates did a wonderful job restructuring the plot and changing the protagonist from the man to the woman. If the essay was about Checkov’s â€Å"The Lady with the Dog†, the theme would have to of been appearance versus reality. However, Oates’ modern version places the woman as the narrator, and by doing so unmistakably changes the theme to Love. Not just the shameful love of a man who is not hers, but the love she has for herself. The story starts at the rising action, and continues with a cyclic plot of flashbacks mixed in with the present. The setting in the first part of the story keeps with the theme and takes place in the DeRoy Symphony Hall, where seemingly happy couples who are in love have come to enjoy a show. Anna, the protagonist is at the theater with her husband (the antihero) who is off getting them drinks. While he is away, she sees her lover, who is the antagonist. Seeing her forbidden man when she least expects it causes her to panic. She is sick with what she calls shame that feels like â€Å"mucus, like something thick and gray, congested inside her, stuck to her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  749. But, the shame is not shame at all. What is stuck inside her, even coating her eyelids, is love. She briefly admits it to herself in the middle of her panic. â€Å"How slow love was to drain out of her, how fluid and sticky it was inside her head† 749. Her shameful, lustful love for a man who wa s not her husband reigned over her. Her love for that man made her fee alive and purposeful again. Her husband, a clumsy, soft, aging man loved his wife the best he could. â€Å"Sometimes he failed at loving her, sometimes he succeeded† 758. He was self absorbed, and probably made Anna feel as though she wasn’t important. â€Å"He talked to her always about his plans, his problems, ... 's Love Got To Do With It Free Essays on What\'s Love Got To Do With It What’s Love Got To Do With It? â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog† is Joyce Carol Oates’ updated version of Anton Chekov’s â€Å"The Lady with the Dog†. Oates did a wonderful job restructuring the plot and changing the protagonist from the man to the woman. If the essay was about Checkov’s â€Å"The Lady with the Dog†, the theme would have to of been appearance versus reality. However, Oates’ modern version places the woman as the narrator, and by doing so unmistakably changes the theme to Love. Not just the shameful love of a man who is not hers, but the love she has for herself. The story starts at the rising action, and continues with a cyclic plot of flashbacks mixed in with the present. The setting in the first part of the story keeps with the theme and takes place in the DeRoy Symphony Hall, where seemingly happy couples who are in love have come to enjoy a show. Anna, the protagonist is at the theater with her husband (the antihero) who is off getting them drinks. While he is away, she sees her lover, who is the antagonist. Seeing her forbidden man when she least expects it causes her to panic. She is sick with what she calls shame that feels like â€Å"mucus, like something thick and gray, congested inside her, stuck to her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  749. But, the shame is not shame at all. What is stuck inside her, even coating her eyelids, is love. She briefly admits it to herself in the middle of her panic. â€Å"How slow love was to drain out of her, how fluid and sticky it was inside her head† 749. Her shameful, lustful love for a man who wa s not her husband reigned over her. Her love for that man made her fee alive and purposeful again. Her husband, a clumsy, soft, aging man loved his wife the best he could. â€Å"Sometimes he failed at loving her, sometimes he succeeded† 758. He was self absorbed, and probably made Anna feel as though she wasn’t important. â€Å"He talked to her always about his plans, his problems, ...