Why do elderly people prescribed with assistive daily living devices Essay

Why do elderly people prescribed with assistive daily living devices abandon them - Essay Example As well, this study shall extend current limited knowledge of the processes for gaining informed consent of the elderly. Elderly participant recruitment shall take place within the city of [.] in the UK. Adult nursing home services shall provide elderly clients and their families with a brochure to let them know about the study, and there will also be a posting in the local newspaper for two weeks. Elderly clients who are eligible for this study will be outpatients who have been prescribed an AD within the last two years. A non-probability sampling recruitment was chosen because of the specific characteristics of the target population (i.e., elderly, living at home, have been prescribed an AD, and receive visits from an adult nursing service), and so a random sample would not be feasible (Shank, 2002). Purposive sampling is a non-probabilistic sampling technique that has the will advantage this study because the sample size does not have to be determined before the research, and this study's sample will be constrained by time and available resources (Shank, 2002). Purposive sampling allows selection c riteria to be used to determine eligibility of the participant (Shank, 2002). The selection criteria will be that the participant: be over the age of 60 years; be receiving adult nursing home care; have been prescribed at least one AD within the last two years; not be using a hearing aid; be cognitively aware in order to provide informed consent and to take part in an interview. Informed consent is a critical ethical consideration for any research study (Penslar, 1995). Informed consent allows participants to make a reasonable choice to participate in the research, and so it is implied that the goals of the research align with the aspirations of the participant (Penslar, 1995). Literature advising on how best to gain informed consent from the elderly is limited, and to date there are is no standard procedure for ascertaining the competency of an elderly person who agrees to take part in research (Stanley, Guido, Stanley & Shortell, 1984). The elderly are more likely to be experiencing impaired cognition, vision, hearing or speech, so for this study each potential participant shall be asked to discuss their understanding of the research process with the investigator before they sign the informed consent form (Stanley et al., 1984). Persons who demonstrate a lack of understanding, or confusion about what is expected of them during the research shall be thanked and excused from the study. It is anticipated that the present study will contribute to current discourse within the medical community of gaining informed consent from the elderly. As well, thorough recording of procedures for gaining their consent are hoped to encourage other researchers to consider their responsibility and the power relationship with elderly participants in terms of participant well-being, as well as the legalities, ethics, and public accountability involved (Stanley et al., 1984). Informed consent will ensure respect for the dignity of the elderly (Penslar, 1995; Shank, 2002). And coercion of participants will be avoided at all costs (Penslar, 1995). The consent form will be read

GIS analysis of access to greenspace Literature review

GIS analysis of access to greenspace - Literature review Example Cultural and historic resources also form part of green space in some cultures. Green space plays a vital role in the nation’s landscape encompassing among others, development patterns, economy, culture and the well-being of the populace (Van Herzele 2003, p. 111). In addition, green space is crucial as it absorbs and expels pollutants from the environment, by acting as an urban heat sink thereby protecting urban biodiversity. As agricultural pressures on land increase through greater demands for land, green spaces are slowly becoming depleted (Forman 2005, p. 38). However, as development becomes a key priority, more land that was previously set aside for agricultural purposes is being developed into residential or institution areas (Van 2007, p. 18). This has led to scarcity of green space, and access to the available few is hampered by the prospect of development. Access to green space is of paramount importance because of the unique contribution of green spaces to the quali ty of life. For instance, green spaces allow for relaxation, way from the daily stresses of urban life such as hectic work schedules and traffic. Moreover, green spaces offer immense recreational opportunities like individual exercise and organised sports. Spending time in urban green spaces offers reprieve to urban dwellers. However, because of increasing urbanisation and access to green space and spatial planning policies with regard to densification, more urban dwellers face the prospect of living in areas with few or no green space resources. Governments and individual municipalities set up clear guidelines for access to green space (Smith, Poulos and Kim 2002, p. 123). The Green Belt is a policy for managing urban growth in the UK. The policy guidelines provide concise guidelines on urban planning, which entail allocation of specific areas to urban green spaces. The Town and County Planning Act established in 1947 allows local authorities in UK mucipalities to include guideline s of the green belt in their development plans. The two acts are appreciative of the need to protect land areas designated as urban green spaces. GIS provides an environment for analysing accessibility to green space and for modelling the impacts of potential changes to green space provision and their subsequent impacts (Liu and Zhu 2004, p. 119). GIS analysis can be used to assess the accessibility of urban green spaces by selecting and quantifying factors that affect green space and constructing functions to determine the accessibility indicator (Ai) (Comber 2009, p. 109). A SPOT imagery of an urban environment provides sufficient data used to determine green space accessibility dwellers. The earlier mentioned state and county guidelines allow for division of land portions into regular grids of at least 500 meters to determine the capacity and chance of area inhabitants accessing green spaces within the area. For each green space viewed in the SPOT imagery, the resistance factors for each grid of land accessing the green space are calculated. Resistance factors refer to aspects that affect or limit access to green space. These factors include attraction to green space, population distribution, traffic patterns and pattern of land use in the area (Ritsema and De 2003, p. 84). The entire urban green space